The lifetime prevalence of developing schizophrenia is about 0.3% to 0.7%.[20] In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2022 a total of 24 million cases globally.[2][21] Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset than females.[2] The causes of schizophrenia may include genetic and environmental factors.[7] Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants.[22] Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, childhood adversity, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the age of a person's mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy.[7][23]

About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will experience a marked improvement over the long term with no further relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely.[10][24] The other half will have a lifelong impairment.[25] In severe cases, people may be admitted to hospitals.[24] Social problems such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, and victimization are commonly correlated with schizophrenia.[26][27] Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia have a higher suicide rate (about 5% overall) and more physical health problems,[28][29] leading to an average decrease in life expectancy by 20[13] to 28 years.[14] In 2015, an estimated 17,000 deaths were linked to schizophrenia.[16]

The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, including olanzapine and risperidone, along with counseling, job training, and social rehabilitation.[7] Up to a third of people do not respond to initial antipsychotics, in which case clozapine is offered.[30] Most antipsychotics improve schizophrenia symptoms, with clozapine the most effective overall; side effects vary considerably and guide treatment choices.[31] In situations where doctors judge that there is a risk of harm to self or others, they may impose short involuntary hospitalization.[32] Long-term hospitalization is used on a small number of people with severe schizophrenia.[33] In some countries where supportive services are limited or unavailable, long-term hospital stays are more common.[34]

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